CORRUPTION IN BULGARIA: CONTEXT, FACTORS AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
Резюме
This study is focused on defining the reasons, factors, and consequences of corruption in Bulgaria in a comparative context. A strong non-linear interplay is demonstrated between political stability and corruption perceptions. Analysing the complex interaction between the dynamics of the Corruption Index and the three indicators of quality of public governance, we admit that the indicators are directly related to the effectiveness of government policy in terms of suppressing the potential for corruption, on the one hand, and to the public perception of government effectiveness, on the other. In countries demonstrating high anti-corruption scores, the Political Stability and Control of Corruption indicators have a direct impact on the Corruption Index. In low-rated countries, including Bulgaria, no direct influence on corruption is observed for any of the three indicators of quality of government.
Ключови думи
JEL класификация
Как да се цитира
Литература (библиография)
Ades, A. & Di Tella, R. (1999). Rents, Competition and Corruption. American Economic Review 89(4), 982-994.
Applica sprl, Cambridge Econometrics (2017). Final Report, Economic Challenges of Lagging Regions. Brussels: European Commission. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2017/economic-challenges-of-lagging-regions (accessed 03/03/2018).
Armantier, O. & Boly, A. (2011). A Controlled Field Experiment on Corruption. European Economic Review, 55(8), 1072-82.
Bachtler, J. & Mendez, C. (2007). Who governs EU cohesion policy? Deconstructing the reforms of the structural funds. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 45(3), 535-564.
Börzel, T. & Risse, T. (2007). Europeanization: The domestic impact of European Union politics. Handbook of European Union Politics, 483-504.
Brempong, K. (2002). Corruption, economic growth, and income inequality in Africa. Economics of Governance, 3, 183-209.
Brempong, K. & Camacho, S. (2006). Corruption, growth, and income distribution: Are there regional differences? Economics of Governance, 7, 245-269.
Corman, M. R. (2021). A Critical appraisal of the EU’s anti-corruption legal capacity – Emerging stronger from the Covid-19 crisis? Geopolitics & Values: what is the real power of the EU? Brussels: Institute of European Democrats, February.
Di Tella, R. & Schargrodsky, E. (2003). The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires. Journal of Law and Economics, 46(1), 269-292.
Dincer, O. C. & Gunalp, B. (2008). Corruption, Income Inequality, and Poverty in the United States. FEEM Working Paper No. 54.2008. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1158446 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1158446
Dumitrescu, E. I., Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014.
EC, SWD. (2022). 502 final. Commission Staff Working Document 2022 Rule of Law Report. Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Bulgaria.
Elbahnasawy, N. G. (2014). E-Government, Internet Adoption, and Corruption: An Empirical Investigation. World Development, Vol. 57, Issue C, 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.005.
Elbahnasawy, N. G., & Revier, C. F. (2012). The determinants of corruption: Cross-country-panel-data analysis. The Developing Economies, 50(4), 311-333.
Freyburg, T. & Richter, S. (2010). National identity matters: the limited impact of EU political conditionality in the Western Balkans. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(2), 263-281.
Gherghina, S. & Volintiru, C. (2017). A new model of clientelism: political parties, public resources, and private contributors. European Political Science Review, 9(1), 115-137.
GLOBSEC. (2021). Vulnerability Index 2021.
Goel, R. K., Nelson, M. A., & Naretta, M. A. (2012). The internet as an indicator of corruption awareness. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(1), 64-75.
Goetz, K. H. (2005). The New Member States and the EU: Responding to Europe. In: Bulmer, S., Lequesne, Ch. (eds.). The Member States of the European Union. Oxford, 254-280.
Grabbe, H. (2003). Europeanization goes east: power and uncertainty in the EU accession process. The Politics of Europeanization, 27(303), 29.
Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. & Tiongson, E. (2001). Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services. In: Jain, A. K. (ed.). The Political Economy of Corruption. Routledge contemporary economic policy issues series.
Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. & Alonso-Terme, R. (2002). Does corruption affect income inequality and poverty? Economics of Governance, 3(1), 23-45.
Hallaert, J.-J. & Primus, K. (2022). Strengthening Public Expenditure Efficiency Investment and Social Spending in Bulgaria. IMF WORKING PAPERS, WP/22/XX.
Hughes, J., Sasse, G. & Gordon, C. (2004). Conditionality and Compliance in the EU's Eastward Enlargement: Regional Policy and the Reform of Sub‐national Government. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 42(3), 523-551.
Innes, A. (2014). The political economy of state capture in Central Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 88-104.
Integrated Country Strategy, Bulgaria. (2022). April 7, 2022.
IPI. (2022). Media Capture in Bulgaria: Hidden Alliances and Vested Interest.
Iwasaki, I., Suzuki, T. (2012). The determinants of corruption in transition economies. Economics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 1, January, 54-60.
Jain, A. K. (2001). Power, politics, and corruption. In: Jain, A. K. (ed.). The Political Economy of Corruption. Routledge contemporary economic policy issues series.
Jancsics, D. (2019). Corruption as resource transfer: An interdisciplinary synthesis. Public Administration Review, 79(4), 523-537.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Mastruzzi, M. (2003). Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996 – 2002. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3106. Washington DC: World Bank.
Kemoe, L. & Zhan, Z. (2018). Fiscal Transparency, Borrowing Costs, and Foreign Holdings of Sovereign Debt. IMF Working Paper, WP/18/189.
Kopecký, P., Mair, P. & Spirova, M. (eds.). (2012). Party patronage and party government in European democracies. Oxford University Press.
Kopecký, P., Meyer Sahling, J. H., Panizza, F., Scherlis, G., Schuster, C. & Spirova, M. (2016). Party patronage in contemporary democracies: Results from an expert survey in 22 countries from five regions. European Journal of Political Research, 55(2), 416-431.
Kurer, O. (2001). Why do Voters Support Corrupt Politicians? In: Jain, A. K. (ed.). The Political Economy of Corruption. Routledge contemporary economic policy issues series.
Li, H., Xu, L. C. & Zou, H. (2000). Corruption, income distribution, and growth. Economics and Politics, 12(2), 155-181.
Matti, J. (2015). Corruption, Income Inequality, and Subsequent Economic Growth. Undergraduate Economic Review, Vol. 11, Issue 1, Article 3. Available at https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol11/iss1/3
Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681-712.
Mauro, P. (1997). The effects of corruption on growth, investment and government expenditure: A cross country analysis. Washington DC: Institute for International Economics.
de Mendonça, H. F. & da Fonseca, A. (2012). Corruption, Income and Rule of Law: Empirical Evidence from Developing and Developed Countriel. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 32 (2), 305-14. Available at https://centrodeeconomiapolitica.org/repojs/index.php/journal/article/view/355.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., Acar, M., Dávid-Barrett, E., Dimulescu, V., Doroftei, M., Emek, U., Fazekas, M., Karaboev, S., Lukács, P. A., Kukutschka, R. M., Mungiu-Pippidi, A. & Podumljak, M. (2015). Government Favouritism in Europe. Barbara Budrich Publishing.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., Bratu, R., Charron, N., Dimulescu, V., Doroftei, M., Fazekas, M., Kasemets, A., King, L. P., Martinez Barranco Kukutschka, R., Pop, R. & Tóth, I. J. (2013). Controlling corruption in Europe. Barbara Budrich Publishing.
NSCCRB. (2021). National strategy for preventing and combatting corruption in the republic of Bulgaria (2021 – 2027).
OECD. (2021). Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Bulgaria, Phase 4 Report: Bulgaria.
Popa, M. (2013). Essays on the Political Economy of Corruption and Rent-Seeking (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard University. Available at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11107810.
Olken, B. (2005). Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 11753. Available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w11753 [Accessed 26th January 2021].
Paldam, M. (2001). Corruption and Religion: Adding to the Economic Model. Working Paper. Available at http://www.martin.paldam.dk.
Rahayu, I. P., & Widodo, T. (2012). The causal relationship between corruption and poverty in ASEAN: A general method of moments/dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura, 15(3), 527-536. doi:10.14414/JEBAV.V1513.119
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1996). The Political Economy of Corruption. Institute for International Economics. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11629.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (2001). Political Corruption and Democratic Structure. In Jain, A. K. (ed.). The Political Economy of Corruption. Routledge contemporary economic policy issues series.
Rothstein, B. & Varraich, A. (2017). Making sense of corruption. Cambridge University Press.
Seleim, A. & Bontis, N. (2009). The relationship between culture and corruption: A cross‐national study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), 165-184.
Seo, J. W. (2016). E-government Efforts against Corruption in Bangladesh: What We Have Done and what We Have to Do. Society & Change, Vol. X, No. 1, 38-49.
Tanzi, V. (1998). Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope, and cures. IMF Staff Papers, 45(4), 559-594.
Tanzi, V. & Davoodi, H. (2001). Corruption, Growth, and Public Finances. In: Jain, A. K. (ed.). The Political Economy of Corruption. Routledge contemporary economic policy issues series.
Taylor, I. W., Ullah M. A., Koul, S. & Ulloa, M. S. (2022). Evaluating the Impact of Institutional Improvement on Control of Corruption – A System Dynamics Approach. Systems, 10(3), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10030064.
Todorov, A. (2011). Bulgarian Political Culture and Civic Participation. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Bulgaria Office.
Torrez, J. (2002). The Effect of Openness on Corruption. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11(4), 387-403.
Treisman, D. (2000). The Causes of Corruption: A Cross National Study. Journal of Public Economics, 76, 399-457.
Uberti, L. J. (2018). Corruption in transition economies: Socialist, Ottoman or structural? Economic Systems, 42(4), 533-555.
Volintiru, C. (2015). The exploitative function of party patronage: does it serve the party's interest? East European Politics, 31(1), 39-55.
Volintiru, C. (2016). Clientelism and cartelization in post-communist Europe: the case of Romania (Doctoral dissertation). The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Wang, Z., Danish Zhang, B. & Wang, B. (2018). The moderating role of corruption between economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from BRICS economies. Energy, 148, 506-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.167.
Wei, S. (2000). How taxing is corruption on international investors? Review of Economics and Statistics, 52(1), 1-11.
World Bank (2012). Worldwide governance indicators. Available from http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp (Retrieved June 30, 2012).
Ximei, L., Zahid, L., Danish, Shahid, L. & Mahmood, N. (2021), The corruption-emissions nexus: Do information and communication technologies make a difference? Utilities Policy, 72 October, 101244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101244.